Tennis Arena Tournament Rules
The following Rules are the official
rules of TennisArena.org web site:
General Rules
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The tournament starts on March 28th and ends September 31, 2009 (6 months).
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The time and place of a tennis match is solely to be arranged by both members,
www.TennisArena.org cannot take any responsibility as to who, where, and when plays the match.
The arrangements can be made by e-mail, phone, scheduled using out website or by verbal agreement.
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In case the player got sick, left town or acts of God occurred that make the player unavailable
for other members, the player shall leave a short message in his/her ´Profile´ as a matter of common courtesy.
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Entering the result of a match that did not take place or any other unfair behavior
will be a basis for losing your membership and removal from the club. All members are requested
to follow FAIR PLAY rules on the court. Because all the matches are played without an umpire and lines
people, in case of a 'close' ball, the call if the ball was in or out is made
only by the player on whose side the ball landed. The suggestions of spectators
watching the match can not be taken into consideration.
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Each player can participate in both or just one competition of the tournament: Masters Tennis Arena (MTA) and Professional Tennis Arena (PTA)
Matches
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Each tournament match is played to the best of 2 sets (the player needs to win 2
sets to win the match, possible results 2:0, 2:1).
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A player who first wins six or seven games wins a set; except that
he must win by a margin of two games over his opponent (all possible
results here are: 6:0, 6:1, 6:2, 6:3, 6:4, and 7:5, tie-break is an exception, see point 10).
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The Tie-Break shall be played when the score reaches six games all
in any set of the match (the only possible result here is: 7:6).
Game and set is won by the player who first wins 7 points
(each point in tie-break is counted as 1), however, a margin
of at least 2 points has to be achieved. Tie-break needs to
be continued for as long as the margin is achieved. Possible
results in tie-break 7:0, 7:1, 7:2, 7:3, 7:4, 7:5, 8:6,
10:8, 11:9 etc.)
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If possible, every player should bring with him/her three new tennis balls or find
other solution to satisfaction of both.
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Winner of the match is responsible for entering result of the match
into the www.TennisArena.org website.
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Result of the match must be entered into the TennisArena.org site
within 2 days of the event, before the end of the month or before 16-th day of the month (whatever comes first).
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TennisArena.org implements official rules of International Tennis
Federation (ITF) and United States Tennis Association (USTA) for any
other aspect of tournament (see details below).
Masters Tennis Arena Tournament - MTA
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The maximum number of matches in a month that can be played is 12. There is no minimum.
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You can play only twice with the same player in any particular month of the tournament,
except if you participate in PTA competition and you must play mandatory match with the same player in your group.
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Points from each match are added to the total points for each player.
Player with the highest total points will be announced as the winner of the MTA tournament.
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Players will start season with values (PLAYER VALUE) equal to their values from the end of last
season (with some corrections). New players will get their PLAYER VALUE according to their level of play.
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Winner of the match receives points equal to the opponent's PLAYER
VALUE. Loser receives points according to the following formula:
(number of won games) x (opponent's PLAYER VALUE) x 2%. Example: You lost
(against a player whose value was 180 pts) 5:7, 4:6. Your points: (5 + 4) x
180 x 0.02 = 32.4 ~ 32 pts.
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Player value is updated after each match according to the following formula:
New Player Value = Previous Player Value + 4% of points won in a match.
Example: Before the match in which you won 150 pts your value was 178 pts.
After the match you value increases according to the formula: 178 + 0.04 x 150
= 178 + 6 = 184.
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All matches played during six months of the tournament will count in this competition.
Professional Tennis Arena Tournament - PTA
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All players will be divided into groups of five (exceptionally six) players (six players in
group only if the total number of players not divisible by 5).
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Group one will consists of players who occupied first five positions in last year tournament.
Group two will be created from players that end up in last year tournament on
sixth to tenth positions, etc.
New players will be added to groups according to their level of play.
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Each player within the group is required to play four matches with players from the same group (five matches
if group consists of six players).
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PTA is scheduled based on monthly period. Period starts on the 1st day of the month and ends on
last day of the month.
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All matches in the group must be played within one period.
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By the end of each period there will
be created table for each group.
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Only matches played within the group will be considered when creating the table for each group.
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Best two players from each group will advance to the group above and last
two players from the group will be relegated to the group below.
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Position within the group will be evaluated based on:
- Number of won matches
- Number of won sets
- Number of won games
- Difference between won and lost games
- Original ranking in the group
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All matches played in Professional Tennis Arena will count in Masters Tennis Arena according to MTA rules above.
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Player that will end up on the first position in the first group will be announced the winner of PTA.
Membership
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Each member is obliged to pay the $ 50.00 membership
fee in favor of TennisArena.org within one week from the day of playing first match in the competition.
The fee covers only maintenance of this website, hosting
fees and domain registration. Every payment as well as expense will be
listed on ´Sponsors´ site.
Any money surplus will serve as funds for the cups) and a closing-season
party. Please pay the membership fee to one of the following people on the court:
- Frank Cyrulik
- Janusz Kogut
- Jarek Chorazykiewicz
- Radek Krajewski
- Tomek Wozniak
- Ernest Brzozowski
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Each member is entitled to place as many photos in PHOTO GALLERY as he/she likes and express his/her opinions in FORUM.
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Each member is entitled to develop our Website. Any remarks, feedback or new ideas
as to the Website you can place in FORUM or send us by e-mail(CONTACT US).
End of season
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A closing-season tennis party will be arranged by the end of the season by all club members.
Rules of Tennis
Explanatory Note
The following Rules of Tennis and Cases and Decisions are the
official rules of the International Tennis Federation (ITF), of which
the United States Tennis Association (USTA) is a member. USTA Comments
have the same weight and force in USTA tournaments as do ITF Cases and
Decisions.
When a match is played without officials, USTA Regulation I.O. shall
apply in any situation not covered by the Rules of Tennis. The Code
shall apply to any situation not covered by USTA Regulation I.O.
Except where otherwise stated, every reference in the Rules of Tennis
to the masculine includes the feminine gender.
Amendments to the USTA Comments may be made in accordance with USTA
Regulation XII provided such amendments are not inconsistent with the
Rules of Tennis.
The Singles Game
The Singles Game
- The Court
- Permanent Fixtures
- The Ball
- The Racket
- Server & Receiver
- Choice of Ends & Service
- The Service
- Foot Fault
- Delivery of Service
- Service Fault
- Second Service
- When to Serve
- The "Let"
- The Let in Service
- Order of Service
- When Players Change Ends
- The Ball in Play
- Server Wins Point
- Receiver Wins Point
- Player Loses Point
- Player Hinders Opponent
- Ball Falls on Line
- Ball Touches Permanent Fixtures
- A Good Return
- Hindrance of a Player
- Score in a Game
- Score in a Set
- Maximum Number of Sets
- Role of Court Officials
- Continuous Play & Rest Periods
- Coaching
- Ball Change
The Doubles Game
- The
Doubles Game
- The
Doubles Court
- Order
of Service in Doubles
- Order
of Receiving in Doubles
- Service
out of Turn in Doubles
- Error
in Order of Receiving in Doubles
- Service
Fault in Doubles
- Playing
the Ball in Doubles
Rules
of Wheelchair Tennis
Appendix
I: Regulations for Making Tests Specified in Rule 3.
Appendix
II: Alternative Scoring methods (Rule 27)
Appendix
III: Procedures for Review and Hearings on the Rules of Tennis
Appendix
IV: The Wheelchair Tennis Player - Challenges and Procedures for a
Player's Eligibility
ITF
Notes
USTA
Comment on Tennis Court Layout
1. The Court
The Court shall be a rectangle 78 feet (23.77 m) long and 27 feet (8.23
m) wide. It shall be divided across the middle by a net suspended from a
cord or metal cable of a maximum diameter of one-third of an inch (0.8
cm), the ends of which shall be attached to, or pass over, the tops of two
posts, which shall be not more than 6 inches (15 cm) square or 6 inches
(15 cm) in diameter. These posts shall not be higher than 1 inch (2.5 cm)
above the top of the net cord. The centres of the posts shall be 3 feet
(.914 m) outside the Court on each side and the height of the posts shall
be such that the top of the cord or metal cable shall be 3 feet 6 inches
(1.07 m) above the ground.
When a combined doubles (see Rule 34) and singles Court with a doubles
net is used for singles, the net must be supported to a height of 3 feet 6
inches (1.07 m) by means of two posts, called "singles sticks",
which shall be not more than 3 inches (7.5 cm) square or 3 inches (7.5 cm)
in diameter. The centres of the singles sticks shall be 3 feet (.914 m)
outside the singles Court on each side.
The net shall be extended fully so that it fills completely the space
between the two posts and shall be of sufficiently small mesh to prevent
the ball passing through. The height of the net shall be 3 feet (.914 m)
at the centre, where it shall be held down taut by a strap not more than 2
inches (5 cm) wide and completely white in color. There shall be a band
covering the cord or metal cable and the top of the net of not less than 2
inches (5 cm) nor more than 21⁄2 inches (6.35 cm) in depth on each
side and completely white in color. There shall be no advertisement on
the net, strap, band or singles sticks.
USTA Comment:
The following is an approved method for obtaining proper net tautness.
First, loosen the center strap. Next, tighten the net cord until it is
approximately 40 inches above the ground, being careful not to over
tighten
the net. Finally, tighten the center strap until the center of the net is
36 inches above the ground. These measurements should always be made
before the first match of the day.
The lines bounding the ends and sides of the Court shall respectively
be called the base-lines and the side-lines. On each side of the net, at a
distance of 21 feet (6.40 m) from it and parallel with it, shall be drawn
the service-lines. The space on each side of the net between the
service-line and the side-lines shall be divided into two equal parts
called the service-courts by the centre service-line, which must be 2
inches (5 cm) in width, drawn half-way between, and parallel with, the
side-line. Each base-line shall be bisected by an imaginary continuation
of the centre service-line to a line 4 inches (10cm.) in length and 2
inches (5 cm) in width called the "centre mark" drawn inside the
Court, at right angles to and in contact with such base-lines. All other
lines shall be not less than 1 inch (2.5 cm) nor more than 2 inches (5 cm)
in width, except the base-line, which may be not more than 4 inches (10
cm) in width, and all measurements shall be made to the outside of the
lines. All lines shall be of uniform color. If advertising or any other
material is placed at the back of the Court, it may not contain white or
yellow. A light color may only be used if this does not interfere with
the vision of the players.
If advertisements are placed on the chairs of the linesmen sitting at
the back of the court, they may not contain white or yellow. A light
color may only be used if this does not interfere with the vision of the
players.
ITF Note 1:
In Davis Cup, Fed Cup and the Official Championships of the
International Tennis Federation, specific requirements with regard to the
space behind the baseline and at the sides are included in the respective
Regulations for these events.
ITF Note 2:
At club or recreational level, the space behind each baseline should be
not less than 18 feet (5.5 m) and at the sides not less than 10 feet (3.05
m). Back to the Top
2. Permanent Fixtures
The permanent fixtures of the Court shall include not only the net,
posts, singles sticks, cord or metal cable, strap and band, but also,
where there are any such, the back and side stops, the stands, fixed or
movable seats and chairs round the Court, and their occupants, all other
fixtures around and above the Court, and the Umpire, Net-cord Judge,
Foot fault Judge, Linesmen and Ball Boys when in their respective places.
ITF Note:
For the purpose of this Rule, the word "Umpire" comprehends the
Umpire, the persons entitled to a seat on the Court, and all those persons
designated to assist the Umpire in the conduct of a match.
Back to the Top
3. The Ball
Balls that are approved for play under the Rules of Tennis must comply
with the following specifications:
- The ball shall have a uniform outer surface consisting of a fabric
cover and shall be white or yellow in color. If there are any seams
they shall be stitch less.
- The ball shall conform to the requirements specified in Appendix I
(Regulations for making tests specified in Rule 3.), Section iv for
size and be more than 1.975 ounces (56.0 grams) and less than 2.095
ounces (59.4 grams) in weight.
- More than one type of ball is specified. Each ball shall have a
bound of more than 53 inches (134.62 cm) and less than 58 inches
(147.32 cm) when dropped 100 inches (254.00 cm) upon a flat, rigid
surface, e.g., concrete. Ball type 1 (fast speed) shall have a forward
deformation of more than .195 inches (.495 cm) and less than .235
inches (.597cm) and return deformation of more than .295 inches (.749
cm) and less than .380 inches (.965 cm) at 18 lb. (8.165 kg) load.
Ball types 2 (medium speed) and 3 (slow speed) shall have a forward
deformation of more than .220 inches (.559 cm) and less than .290
inches (.737 cm) and a return deformation of more than .315 inches
(.800 cm) and less than .425 inches (1.080 cm) at 18 lb. (8.165 kg)
load. The two deformation figures shall be the averages of three
individual readings along three axes of the ball and no two individual
readings shall differ by more than .030 inches (.076 cm) in each case.
- For play above 4,000 feet (1219 m) in altitude above sea level, two
additional types of ball may be used.
- The first type is identical to ball type 2 (medium speed) as
defined above except that the ball shall have a bound of more
than 48 inches (121.92 cm) and less than 53 inches (134.62 cm)
and the ball shall have an internal pressure that is greater
than the external pressure. This type of tennis ball is commonly
known as a pressurized ball.
- The second type is identical to ball type 2 (medium speed) as
defined above except that the ball shall have a bound of more
than 53 inches (134.62 cm) and less than 58 inches (147.32 cm)
and shall have an internal pressure that is approximately equal
to the external pressure and have been acclimatized for 60 days
or more at the altitude of the specific tournament. This type of
tennis ball is commonly known as a zero-pressure or non-pressurized
ball.
The third type of ball which is recommended for use for play on any court
surface type above 4000 feet (1219 m) in altitude is ball type 3 (slow
speed), as defined above.
- All tests for bound, size and deformation shall be made in
accordance with the regulations in Appendix I.
- The International Tennis Federation shall rule on the question of
whether any ball or prototype complies with the above specifications
or is otherwise approved, for play. Such ruling may be taken on its
own initiative, or upon application by any party with a bona fide
interest therein, including any player, equipment manufacturer or
National Association or members thereof. Such rulings and applications
shall be made in accordance with the applicable Review and Hearing
Procedures of the International Tennis Federation (see Appendix III).
ITF Note 1:
Any ball to be used in a tournament which is played under the Rules of
Tennis must be named on the official ITF list of approved balls issued by
the International Tennis Federation.
Case 1
Which ball type should be used on which court surface?
Decision. Three different types of balls are approved under the Rules
of Tennis. However:
a. Ball type 1 (fast speed) is intended for play on slow pace court
surfaces (See Appendix I).
b. Ball type 2 (medium speed) is intended for play on
medium/medium-fast pace court surfaces (See Appendix I).
c. Ball type 3 (slow speed) is intended for play on fast pace court
surfaces (See Appendix I).
Back to the Top
4. The Racket
Rackets failing to comply with the following specifications are not
approved for play under the Rules of Tennis:
- The hitting surface of the racket shall be flat and consist of a
pattern of crossed strings connected to a frame and alternately
interlaced or bonded where they cross; and the stringing pattern shall
be generally uniform, and in particular not less dense in the center
than in any other area. The racket shall be designed and strung such
that the playing characteristics are identical on both faces. The
strings shall be free of attached objects and protrusions other than
those utilized solely and specifically to limit or prevent wear and
tear or vibration, and which are reasonable in size and placement for
such purposes.
- The frame of the racket shall not exceed 29 inches (73.66 cm) in
overall length, including the handle. The frame of the racket shall
not exceed 121⁄2 inches (31.75 cm) in overall width. The hitting
surface shall not exceed 151⁄2 inches (39.37 cm) in overall
length, and 111⁄2 inches (29.21 cm) in overall width.
- The frame, including the handle, shall be free of attached objects
and devices other than those utilized solely and specifically to limit
or prevent wear and tear or vibration, or to distribute weight. Any
objects and devices must be reasonable in size and placement for such
purposes.
- The frame, including the handle and the strings, shall be free of
any device which makes it possible to change materially the shape of
the racket, or to change the weight distribution in the direction of
the longitudinal axis of the racket which would alter the swing moment
of inertia, or to deliberately change any physical property which may
affect the performance of the racket during the playing of a point. No
energy source that in any way changes or affects the playing
characteristics of a racket may be built into or attached to a racket.
The International Tennis Federation shall rule on the question of whether
any racket or prototype complies with the above specifications or is
otherwise approved, or not approved, for play. Such ruling may be
undertaken on its own initiative, or upon application by any party with a
bona fide interest therein, including any player, equipment manufacturer
or National Association or members thereof. Such rulings and applications
shall be made in accordance with the applicable Review and Hearing
Procedures of the International Tennis Federation (see Appendix III).
Case 1. Can there be more than one set of strings on the hitting
surface of racket?
Decision: No. The rule clearly mentions a pattern, and not patterns,
of crossed strings.
Case 2. Is the stringing pattern of a racket considered to be
generally uniform and flat if the strings are on more than one plane?
Decision: No.
Case 3. Can vibration dampening devices be placed on the strings
of a racket and if so, where can they be placed?
Decision: Yes; but such devices may be placed only outside the pattern
of crossed strings.
Case 4. In the course of play, a player accidentally breaks the
strings of his racket. Can he continue to play with the racket in this
condition?
Decision: Yes.
Case 5. Can a battery that affects playing characteristics be
incorporated into a racket?
Decision: No. A battery is prohibited because it is an energy source,
as are solar cells, and other similar devices.
USTA Comment:
If after play has begun it is discovered that a player has been using an
illegal racket or an illegally strung racket, all points played stand. The
player must find another racket immediately. If the discovery occurs after
the match is over, the match still counts.
Back to the Top
5. Server & Receiver
The players shall stand on opposite sides of the net; the player who
first delivers the ball shall be called the Server, and the other the
Receiver.
Case 1. Does a player, attempting a stroke, lose the point if he
crosses an imaginary line in the extension of the net:
a. before striking the ball,
b. after striking the ball?
Decision: He does not lose the point in either case by crossing the
imaginary line and provided he does not enter the lines bounding his
opponents Court (Rule 20(e)). In regard to hindrance, his opponent may ask
for the decision of the Umpire under Rules 21 and 25.
Case 2. The Server claims that the Receiver must stand within
the lines bounding his Court. Is this necessary?
Decision: No. The Receiver may stand wherever he pleases on his own
side of the net.
Back to the Top
6. Choice of Ends & Service
The choice of ends and the right to be Server or Receiver in the first
game shall be decided by toss. The player winning the toss may choose or
require his opponent to choose:
- The right to be Server or Receiver, in which case the other player
shall choose the end; or
- The end, in which case the other player shall choose the right to be
Server or Receiver.
Case 1. Do players have the right to new choices if the match is
postponed or suspended before it has started?
Decision: Yes. The toss stands, but new choices may be made with
respect to service and end.
USTA Comment:
The toss shall be made before the warm-up. Choices should be made promptly
after the toss and are irrevocable, except when the match is postponed or
suspended before the start of the match.
Back to the Top
7. The Service
The service shall be delivered in the following manner. Immediately
before commencing to serve, the Server shall stand with both feet at rest
behind (i.e. further from the net than) the base-line, and within the
imaginary continuations of the centre-mark and side-line. The Server shall
then project the ball by hand into the air in any direction and before it
hits the ground strike it with his racket, and the delivery shall be
deemed to have been completed at the moment of the impact of the racket
and the ball. A player with the use of only one arm may utilize his racket
for the projection.
USTA Comment:
There is no restriction regarding the kind of service which may be used;
that is, the player may use an underhand or overhand service at his
discretion.
Case 1. May the Server in a singles game take his stand behind
the portion of the base-line between the side-lines of the Singles Court
and the Doubles Court?
Decision: No.
USTA Comment:
In singles, the server may stand anywhere in back of the baseline between
the imaginary extensions of the inside edge of the center mark and the
outside edge of the singles sideline.
Case 2. If a player, when serving, throws up two or more balls
instead of one, does he lose that service?
Decision: No. A let should be called, but if the Umpire regards the
action as deliberate he may take action under Rule 21.
Back to the Top
8. Foot Fault
The Server shall throughout the delivery of the Service:
- Not change his position by walking or running. The Server shall not
by slight movements of the feet which do not materially affect the
location originally taken up by him, be deemed "to change his
position by walking or running".
- Not touch with either foot any area other than that behind the
base-line within the imaginary extensions of the center-mark and
side-lines.
USTA Comment:
This rule covers the most decisive stroke in the game, and there is no
justification for its not being obeyed by players and enforced by
officials. No official has the right to instruct any umpire to disregard
violations of it. In a non-officiated match, the Receiver or the Receivers
partner, may call foot faults after all efforts (appeal to the Server,
request for an umpire, etc.) have failed and the foot faulting is so
flagrant as to be clearly perceptible from the Receivers side.
It is improper for any official to warn a player that he is in danger of
having a foot fault called. On the other hand, if a player asks for an
explanation of how he foot faulted, either the Line Umpire or the Chair
Umpire should give the player that information.
Back to the Top
9. Delivery of Service
- In delivering the service, the Server shall stand alternately behind
the right and left halves of the Court beginning from the right in
every game. If service from a wrong half of the Court occurs and is
undetected, all play resulting from such wrong service or services
shall stand, but the inaccuracy of station shall be corrected
immediately it is discovered.
- The ball served shall pass over the net and hit the ground within
the Service Court which is diagonally opposite, or upon any line
bounding such Court, before the Receiver returns it.
Back to the Top
10. Service Fault
The Service is a fault:
- If the Server commits any breach of Rules 7, 8 or 9(b);
- If he misses the ball in attempting to strike it;
- If the ball served touches a permanent fixture (other than the net,
strap or band) before it hits the ground.
Case 1. After throwing a ball up preparatory to serving, the
Server decides not to strike at it and catches it instead. Is it a fault?
Decision: No.
USTA Comment:
As long as the Server makes no attempt to strike at the ball, it is
immaterial whether the Server catches it in his or her hand or racket or
lets it drop to the ground.
Case 2. In serving in a singles game played on a Doubles Court
with doubles posts and singles sticks, the ball hits a singles stick and
then hits the ground within the lines of the correct Service Court. Is
this a fault or a let?
Decision: In serving it is a fault, because the singles stick, the
doubles post, and that portion of the net or band between them are
permanent fixtures. (Rules 2 and 10, and note to Rule 24.)
USTA Comment:
The significant point is that the part of the net and band
"outside" the singles sticks is not part of the net over which
this singles match is being played. Thus, such a serve is a fault under
the provisions of subparagraph c. above. By the same token, this would be
a fault also if it were a singles game played with permanent posts in the
singles position. See Case 1 under Rule 24 for difference between
"service" and "good return" with respect to a ball
hitting a net post.
Back to the Top
11. Second Service
After a fault (if it is the first fault) the Server shall serve again
from behind the same half of the Court from which he served that fault,
unless the service was from the wrong half, when, in accordance with Rule
9, the Server shall be entitled to one service only from behind the other
half.
Case 1. A player serves from a wrong Court. He loses the point
and then claims it was a fault because of his wrong station.
Decision: The point stands as played and the next service should be
from the correct station according to the score.
Case 2. The point score being 15 all, the Server, by mistake,
serves from the left-hand Court. He wins the point. He then serves again
from the right-hand Court, delivering a fault. This mistake in station is
then discovered. Is he entitled to the previous point? From which Court
should he next serve?
Decision: The previous point stands. The next service should be from
the left-hand Court, the score being 30/15, and the Server having served
one fault.
Back to the Top
12. When to Serve
The Server shall not serve until the Receiver is ready. If the latter
attempts to return the service, he shall be deemed ready. If, however, the
Receiver signifies that he is not ready, he may not claim a fault because
the ball does not hit the ground within the limits fixed for the service.
USTA Comment:
This rule applies to the first and second serve. The Receiver, having
indicated he is ready, may not become unready unless some outside
interference takes place. If the Receiver claims to be not ready and does
not make any effort to return a service, the Servers claim for the point
may not be honored even though the service was good.
Back to the Top
13. The "Let"
In all cases where a let has to be called under the rules, or to
provide for an interruption to play, it shall have the following
interpretations:
- When called solely in respective of a service that one service only
shall be replayed.
- When called under any other circumstance, the point shall be
replayed.
Case 1. A service is interrupted by some cause outside those
defined in Rule 14. Should the service only be replayed?
Decision: No, the whole point must be replayed.
USTA Comment:
If the interruption occurs during delivery of the second service, the
Server gets two serves. Example: On a second service a linesman calls
"fault" and immediately corrects it, the Receiver meanwhile
having let the ball go by. The Server is entitled to two serves on this
ground: The corrected call means that the Server has put the ball into
play with a good service, and once the ball is in play and a let is
called, the point must be replayed. Note, however, that if the serve is an
unmistakable ace that is, the Umpire is sure the erroneous call had no part
in the Receivers inability to play the ball the point should be declared
for the Server.
If a delay between first and second serves is caused by the Receiver, an
official, or outside interference, the whole point shall be replayed. If
the delay is caused by the Server, the Server has one serve to come. A
spectators outcry (of "out," "fault," or other) is not
a valid basis for replay of a point, but action should be taken to prevent
a recurrence.
Case 2. If a ball in play becomes broken, should a let be
called?
Decision: Yes.
USTA Comment:
A ball shall be regarded as having become "broken" if it is
found to have lost compression to the point of being unfit for further
play, or unfit for any reason, and it is clear the defective ball was the
one in play.
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14. The Let in Service
The Service is a let:
- If the ball served touches the net, strap or band, and is otherwise
good, or, after touching the net, strap or band, touches the Receiver
or anything which he wears or carries before hitting the ground.
- If a service or a fault is delivered when the Receiver is not ready
(see Rule 12).
In case of a let, that particular service shall not count, and the Server
shall serve again, but a service let does not annul a previous fault.
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15. Order of Service
At the end of the first game, the Receiver shall become Server, and the
Server Receiver; and so on alternately in all the subsequent games of a
match. If a player serves out of turn, the player who ought to have served
shall serve as soon as the mistake is discovered, but all points scored
before such discovery shall stand. A fault served before such discovery
shall not stand. If a game shall have been completed before such
discovery, the order of service shall remain as altered.
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16. When Players Change Ends
The players shall change ends at the end of the first, third and every
subsequent alternate game of each set, and at the end of each set unless
the total number of games in such set is even, in which case the change is
not made until the end of the first game of the next set.
If a mistake is made and the correct sequence is not followed the players
must take up their correct station as soon as the discovery is made and
follow their original sequence.
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17. The Ball in Play
A ball is in play from the moment at which it is delivered in service.
Unless a fault or a let is called it remains in play until the point is
decided.
USTA Comment:
A point is not decided simply when, or because, a good shot has clearly
passed a player, or when an apparently bad shot passes over a baseline or
sideline. An outgoing ball is still definitely in play until it actually
strikes the ground, backstop, a permanent fixture (other than the net,
posts, singles sticks, cord or metal cable, strap or band), or a player.
The same applies to a good ball, bounding after it has landed in the
proper Court. A ball that becomes imbedded in the net is out of play.
USTA Comment:
When a player hits a ball into the net and the opponent, thinking the ball
is coming over, strikes at it and hits the net , the opponent loses the
point if the opponent touched the net while the ball was still in play.
Case 1. A player fails to make a good return. No call is made
and the ball remains in play. May his opponent later claim the point after
the rally has ended?
Decision: No. The point may not be claimed if the players continue to
play after the error has been made, provided the opponent was not
hindered.
USTA Comment:
An out call on As shot to Bs Court must be made before Bs return has
either gone out of play or been hit by A. See Case 3 under Rule 29
regarding this situation in an umpired match.
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18. Server Wins Point
The Server wins the point:
- If the ball served, not being a let under Rule 14, touches the
Receiver or anything which he wears or carries, before it hits the
ground;
- If the Receiver otherwise loses the point as provided by Rule 20.
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19. Receiver Wins Point
The Receiver wins the point:
- If the Server serves two consecutive faults;
- If the Server otherwise loses the point as provided by Rule 20.
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20. Player Loses Point
A player loses the point if:
- He fails, before the ball in play has hit the ground twice
consecutively, to return it directly over the net (except as provided
in Rule 24(a) or (c)); or
- He returns the ball in play so that it hits the ground, a permanent
fixture, or other object, outside any of the lines which bound his
opponents Court (except as provided in Rule 24(a) or (c)); or
USTA Comment:
A ball hitting a scoring device or other object attached to a net post
results in loss of point to the striker.
- He volleys the ball and fails to make a good return even when
standing outside the Court; or
- In playing the ball he deliberately carries or catches it on his
racket or deliberately touches it with his racket more than once; or
USTA Comment:
Only when there is a definite "second push" by the player
does the shot become illegal, with consequent loss of point. The word
"deliberately" is the key word in this rule. Two hits
occurring in the course of a single continuous swing are not deemed a
double hit.
- He or his racket (in his hand or otherwise) or anything which he
wears or carries touches the net, posts, singles sticks, cord or metal
cable, strap or band, or the ground within his opponents Court at any
time while the ball is in play; or
USTA Comment:
Touching a pipe support that runs across the Court at the bottom of
the net is interpreted as touching the net. See USTA Comment under
Rule 23 for a ball which hits a pipe support.
- He volleys the ball before it has passed the net; or
- The ball in play touches him or anything that he wears or carries,
except his racket in his hand or hands; or
USTA Comment:
This loss of point occurs regardless of whether the player is inside
or outside the bounds of the Court when the ball touches the player.
- He throws his racket at and hits the ball; or
- He deliberately and materially changes the shape of his racket
during the playing of the point.
Case 1. In serving, the racket flies from the Servers hand and
touches the net before the ball has touched the ground. Is this a fault,
or does the player lose the point?
Decision: The Server loses the point because his racket touches the
net whilst the ball is in play (Rule 20(e)).
Case 2. In serving, the racket flies from the Servers hand and
touches the net after the ball has touched the ground outside the proper
court. Is this a fault, or does the player lose the point?
Decision: This is a fault because the ball was out of play when the
racket touched the net.
Case 3. A and B are playing against C and D, A is serving to D,
C touches the net before the ball touches the ground. A fault is then
called because the service falls outside the Service Court. Do C and D
lose the point?
Decision: The call "fault" is an erroneous one. C and D had
already lost the point before "fault" could be called, because C
touched the net whilst the ball was in play (Rule 20(e)).
Case 4. May a player jump over the net into his opponents Court
while the ball is in play and not suffer penalty?
Decision: No. He loses the point (Rule 20(e)).
Case 5. A cuts the ball just over the net, and it returns to As
side. B, unable to reach the ball, throws his racket and hits the ball.
Both racket and ball fall over the net on As Court. A returns the ball
outside of Bs Court. Does B win or lose the point?
Decision: B loses the point (Rule 20(e) and (h)).
Case 6. A player standing outside the service Court is struck by
a service ball before it has touched the ground. Does he win or lose the
point?
Decision: The player struck loses the point (Rule 20(g)), except as
provided under Rule 14(a).
Case 7. A player standing outside the Court volleys the ball or
catches it in his hand and claims the point because the ball was certainly
going out of court.
Decision: In no circumstances can he claim the point:
i. If he catches the ball he loses the point under Rule 20(g).
ii. If he volleys it and makes a bad return he loses the point under
Rule 20(c).
iii. If he volleys it and makes a good return, the rally continues.
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21. Player Hinders Opponent
If a player commits any act which hinders his opponent in making a
stroke, then, if this is deliberate, he shall lose the point or if
involuntary, the point shall be replayed.
Case 1. Is a player liable to a penalty if in making a stroke he
touches his opponent?
Decision: No, unless the Umpire deems it necessary to take action
under Rule 21.
Case 2. When a ball bounds back over the net, the player
concerned may reach over the net in order to play the ball. What is the
ruling if the player is hindered from doing this by his opponent?
Decision: In accordance with Rule 21, the Umpire may either award the
point to the player hindered, or order the point to be replayed (see also
Rule 25).
Case 3. Does an involuntary double hit constitute an act which
hinders an opponent within Rule 21?
Decision: No.
USTA Comment:
"Deliberate" means a player did what he intended to do, although
the resulting effect on the opponent might or might not have been what he
intended. Example: a player, after returning a ball advises the players
partner in such a loud voice that their opponents are hindered.
"Involuntary" means a non-intentional act such as a hat blowing
off or a scream resulting from a sudden wasp sting.
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22. Ball Falls on Line
A ball falling on a line is regarded as falling in the Court bounded by
that line.
USTA Comment:
In a non-officiated match, each player makes the call on any ball hit
toward the players side of the net. If a player cannot call a ball out
with certainty, the player should regard it as good. In doubles, normally
the Receivers partner makes the calls with respect to the service line,
with the Receiver calling the side and center lines, but either partner
may make the call on any ball clearly seen.
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23. Ball Touches Permanent Fixtures
If the ball in play touches a permanent fixture (other than the net,
posts, singles sticks, cord or metal cable, strap or band) after it has
hit the ground, the player who struck it wins the point; if before it hits
the ground, his opponent wins the point.
Case 1. A return hits the Umpire or his chair or stand. The
player claims that the ball was going into Court.
Decision: He loses the point.
USTA Comment:
A ball in play that strikes a pipe support running across the Court at the
base of the net is treated the same as a ball landing on clear ground. See
USTA Comment under Rule 20(e) for a player who touches a pipe support.
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24. A Good Return
It is a good return:
- If the ball touches the net, posts, singles sticks, cord or metal
cable, strap or band, provided that it passes over any of them and
hits the ground within the Court; or
- If the ball, served or returned, hits the ground within the proper
Court and rebounds or is blown back over the net, and the player whose
turn it is to strike reaches over the net and plays the ball, provided
that he does not contravene Rule 20(e); or
- If the ball is returned outside the posts, or singles sticks, either
above or below the level of the top to the net, even though it touches
the posts or singles sticks, provided that it hits the ground within
the proper Court; or
- If a players racket passes over the net after he has returned the
ball, provided the ball passes the net before being played and is
properly returned; or
- If a player succeeds in returning the ball, served or in play, which
strikes a ball lying in the Court.
USTA Comment:
Paragraph (e) of the rule refers to a ball lying on the Court at the start
of the point as a result of a service let or fault or as a result of a
player dropping it. If a ball in play strikes a rolling or stationary
"foreign" ball that has come from elsewhere after the point
started, a let should be played. See Case 7 under Rule 25 which pertains
to an object other than a ball that is being used in the match.
ITF Note:
In a singles match, if, for the sake of convenience, a Doubles Court is
equipped with singles sticks for the purpose of a singles game, then the
doubles posts and those portions of the net, cord or metal cable and the
band outside such singles sticks shall at all times be permanent fixtures,
and are not regarded as posts or parts of the net of a singles game.
A return that passes under the net cord between the singles stick and
adjacent doubles post without touching either net cord, net or doubles
post and falls within the court, is a good return.
USTA Comment:
In doubles this would be a "through" loss of point.
Case 1. A ball going out of Court hits a net post or singles
stick and falls within the lines of the opponents Court. Is the stroke
good?
Decision: If a service: no, under Rule 10(c). If other than a service:
yes, under Rule 24(a).
Case 2. Is it a good return if a player returns the ball holding
his racket in both hands?
Decision: Yes.
Case 3. The service, or ball in play, strikes a ball lying in
the Court. Is the point won or lost thereby?
Decision: No. Play must continue. If it is not clear to the Umpire
that the right ball is returned a let should be called.
USTA Comment:
A ball that is touching a boundary line is considered to be "lying in
the Court."
Case 4. May a player use more than one racket at any time during
play?
Decision: No. The whole implication of the Rules is singular.
Case 5. May a player request that a ball or balls lying in his
opponents Court be removed?
Decision: Yes, but not while a ball is in play.
USTA Comment:
This request must be honored.
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25. Hindrance of a Player
In case a player is hindered in making a stroke by anything not within
his control, except a permanent fixture of the Court, or except as
provided for in Rule 21, a let shall be called.
USTA Comment:
See Rule 13 and its USTA Comments regarding lets.
Case 1. A spectator gets into the way of a player, who fails to
return the ball. May the player then claim a let?
Decision: Yes. If in the Umpires opinion he was obstructed by
circumstances beyond his control, but not if due to permanent fixtures of
the Court or the arrangements of the ground.
Case 2. A player is interfered with as in Case No.1, and the
Umpire calls a let. The Server had previously served a fault. Has he the
right to two services?
Decision: Yes. As the ball is in play, the point, not merely the
stroke, must be replayed as the Rule provides.
Case 3. May a player claim a let under Rule 25 because he
thought his opponent was being hindered, and consequently did not expect
the ball to be returned?
Decision: No.
Case 4. Is a stroke good when a ball in play hits another ball
in the air?
Decision: A let should be called unless the other ball is in the air
by the act of one of the players, in which case the Umpire will decide
under Rule 21.
Case 5. If an Umpire or other judge erroneously calls
"fault" or "out", and then corrects himself, which of
the calls shall prevail?
Decision: A let must be called unless, in the opinion of the Umpire,
neither player is hindered in his game, in which case the corrected call
shall prevail.
Case 6. If the first ball served a fault rebounds, interfering
with the Receiver at the time of the second service, may the Receiver
claim a let?
Decision: Yes. But if he had an opportunity to remove the ball from
the Court and negligently failed to do so, he may not claim a let.
Case 7. Is it a good stroke if the ball touches a stationary or
moving object on the Court?
Decision: It is a good stroke unless the stationary object came into
Court after the ball was put into play in which case a let must be called.
If the ball in play strikes an object moving along or above the surface of
the Court a let must be called.
Case 8. What is the ruling if the first service is a fault, the
second service correct, and it becomes necessary to call a let either
under the provision of Rule 25 or if the Umpire is unable to decide the
point?
Decision: The fault shall be annulled and the whole point replayed.
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26. Score in a Game
- If a player wins his first point, the score is called 15 for that
player; on winning his second point, the score is called 30 for that
player; on winning his third point, the score is called 40 for that
player, and the fourth point won by a player is scored game for that
player except as below:
If both players have won three points, the score is called deuce; and
the next point won by a player is scored advantage for that player. If
the same player wins the next point, he wins the game; if the other
player wins the next point the score is again called deuce; and so on,
until a player wins the two points immediately following the score at
deuce, when the game is scored for that player.
- Optional Alternative Scoring System
The No-Ad System of Scoring may be adopted as an alternative to the
traditional scoring system in paragraph (a) of this Rule provided the
decision is announced in advance of the event. In this case, the
following Rules shall be effective:
If a player wins his first point, the score is called 15 for that
player; on winning his second point, the score is called 30 for that
player; on winning his third point, the score is called 40 for that
player, and the fourth point won by a player is scored game for that
player except as below:
If both players have won three points, the score is called deuce; one
deciding point shall then be played. The receiver shall choose whether
he wishes to receive the service from the right-half of the court or
the left-half of the court. The player who wins the deciding point is
scored the game.
Doubles
In doubles a similar procedure to that for singles shall apply. At deuce
the Receiving Team shall choose whether it wishes to receive the Service
from the right-half of the court or the left-half of the court. The team
who wins the deciding point is scored the game.
Mixed Doubles
In mixed doubles, a slightly different procedure will apply as follows: At
deuce, with the male player serving, he shall serve to the male player of
the opposing team irrespective of which half of the court he is standing,
and when the female player is serving, she shall serve to the female
player of the opposing team.
USTA Comment:
In a non-officiated match the Server should announce, in a voice audible
to the Receiver and spectators, the set score at the beginning of each
game, and point scores as the game goes on. Misunderstandings will be
avoided if this practice is followed.
USTA Comment:
USTA Regulation I.V.11. authorizes the Referee to switch to No-Ad scoring
before the start of any round without prior notice in all tournaments
other than national junior championships after inclement weather or other
factors cause the tournament to fall behind its published schedule.
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27. Score in a Set
- A player (or players) who first wins six games wins a set; except
that he must win by a margin of two games over his opponent and where
necessary a set shall be extended until this margin is achieved.
- The tie-break system of scoring may be adopted as an alternative to
the advantage set system in paragraph (a) of this Rule provided the
decision is announced in advance of the match.
USTA Comment:
USTA Regulation I.V.3. requires that a Tie-Break be played in all sets.
In this case, the following Rules shall be effective:
The tie-break shall operate when the score reaches six games all in any
set except in the third or fifth set of a three-set or five-set match
respectively when an ordinary advantage set shall be played, unless
otherwise decided and announced in advance of the match.
USTA Comment:
USTA Regulation I.V.4. authorizes the use of the Set Tie-Break or the
Super Tie-Break in lieu of the third or final set in selected tournaments.
The following system shall be used in a tie-break game.
Singles
A player who first wins seven points shall win the game and the set
provided he leads by a margin of two points. If the score reaches six
points all the game shall be extended until this margin has been
achieved. Numerical scoring shall be used throughout the tie-break game.
The player whose turn it is to serve shall be the Server for the first
point. His opponent shall be the Server for the second and third points
and thereafter each player shall serve alternately for two consecutive
points until the winner of the game and set has been decided.
From the first point, each service shall be delivered alternately from
the right and left Courts, beginning from the right Court. If service
from a wrong half of the Court occurs and is undetected, all play
resulting from such wrong service or services shall stand, but the
inaccuracy of station shall be corrected immediately it is discovered.
Players shall change ends after every six points and at the conclusion
of the tie-break game.
The tie-break game shall count as one game for the ball change, except
that, if the balls are due to be changed at the beginning of the
tie-break, the change shall be delayed until the second game of the
following set.
Doubles
In doubles the procedure for singles shall apply. The player whose turn it
is to serve shall be the Server for the first point. Thereafter each
player shall serve in rotation for two points, in the same order
previously in that set, until the winners of the game and set have been
decided.
Rotation of Service
The player (or pair in the case of doubles) whose turn it was to serve
first in the tie-break game shall receive service in the first game of the
following set.
Case 1. At six all the tie-break is played, although it has been
decided and announced in advance of the match that an advantage set will
be played. Are the points already played counted?
Decision: If the error is discovered before the ball is put in play
for the second point, the first point shall count but the error shall be
corrected immediately. If the error is discovered after the ball is put in
play for the second point the game shall continue as a tie-break game.
Case 2. At six all, an advantage game is played, although it has
been decided and announced in advance of the match that a tie-break will
be played. Are the points already played counted?
Decision: If the error is discovered before the ball is put in play
for the second point, the first point shall be counted but the error shall
be corrected immediately. If the error is discovered after the ball is put
in play for the second point an advantage set shall be continued. If the
score thereafter reaches eight games all or a higher even number, a
tie-break shall be played.
USTA Comment:
Examples of questions of fact include whether a ball is in or out, whether
a ball touched a player, whether a ball bounced twice, and whether the
servers foot touched the baseline before hitting a serve. Examples of
questions of tennis law include whether an act was a hindrance; whether a
player should have been assessed a code violation for his conduct; and the
procedure for correcting errors in serving order, serving and receiving
position, and ends.
Case 3. If during a tie-break in a singles or doubles game, a
player serves out of turn, shall the order of service remain as altered
until the end of the game?
Decision: If a player has completed his turn of service the order of
service shall remain as altered. If the error is discovered before a
player has completed his turn of service the order of service shall be
corrected immediately and any points already played shall count.
Alternative scoring methods approved until 31 December 2001 can be found
in Appendix II.
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28. Maximum Number of Sets
A match can be played to the best of 3 sets (the player/team needs to
win 2 sets to win the match) or to the best of 5 sets (the player/team
needs to win 3 sets to win the match).
29. Role of Court Officials
In matches where an Umpire is appointed, his decision shall be final;
but where a Referee is appointed, an appeal shall lie to him from the
decision of an Umpire on a question of law, and in all such cases the
decision of the Referee shall be final.
In matches where assistants to the Umpire are appointed (Linespersons,
Net-cord Judges, Foot-fault Judges) their decisions shall be final on
questions of fact except that if in the opinion of an Umpire a clear
mistake has been made he shall have the right to change the decision of an
assistant or order a let to be played. When such an assistant is unable to
give a decision he shall indicate this immediately to the Umpire who shall
give a Decision: When an Umpire is unable to give a decision on a
question of fact he shall order a let to be played.
In Davis Cup matches or other team competitions where a Referee is on
Court, any decision can be changed by the Referee, who may also instruct
an Umpire to order a let to be played.
The Referee, in his discretion, may at any time postpone a match on
account of darkness or the condition of the ground or the weather. In any
case of postponement the previous score and previous occupancy of courts
shall hold good, unless the Referee and the players unanimously agree
otherwise.
USTA Comment:
See fourth USTA Comment under Rule 30 regarding resumption of suspended
match.
Case 1. The Umpire orders a let, but a player claims that the
point should not be replayed. May the Referee be requested to give a
decision?
Decision: Yes. A question of tennis law, that is, an issue relating to
the application of specific facts, shall first be determined by the
Umpire. However, if the Umpire is uncertain or if a player appeals from
his determination, then the Referee shall be requested to give a decision,
and his decision is final.
Case 2. A ball is called out, but a player claims that the ball
was good. May the Referee give a ruling?
Decision: No. This is a question of fact, that is an issue relating to
what actually occurred during a specific incident, and the decision of the
on-court officials is therefore final.
USTA Comment:
Examples of questions of fact include whether a ball is in or out, whether
a ball touched a player, whether a ball bounced twice, and whether the
servers foot touched the baseline before hitting a serve. Examples of
questions of tennis law include whether an act was a hindrance; whether a
player should have been assessed a code violation for his conduct; and the
procedure for correcting errors in serving order, serving and receiving
position, and ends.
Case 3. May an Umpire overrule a Linesman at the end of a rally
if, in his opinion, a clear mistake has been made during the course of a
rally?
Decision: No. An Umpire may overrule a Linesman only if he does so
immediately after the mistake has been made.
USTA Comment:
See Rule 17, Case 1, regarding non-officiated matches.
Case 4. A Linesman calls a ball out. The Umpire was unable to
see clearly, although he thought the ball was in. May he overrule the
Linesman?
Decision: No. An Umpire may overrule if he considers that a call was
incorrect beyond all reasonable doubt. He may overrule a ball determined
good by a Linesman only if he has been able to see a space between the
ball and the line; and he may overrule a ball determined out, or a fault,
by a Linesman only if he has seen the ball hit the line, or fall inside
the line.
Case 5. May a Linesman change his call after the Umpire has
given the score?
Decision: Yes. If a Linesman realizes he has made an error, he may
make a correction provided he does so immediately.
Case 6. A player claims his return shot was good after a
Linesman called "out." May the Umpire overrule the Linesman?
Decision: No. An Umpire may never overrule as a result of a protest or
an appeal by a player.
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30. Continuous Play & Rest Periods
Play shall be continuous from the first service until the match is
concluded, in accordance with the following provisions:
- If the first service is a fault, the second service must be struck
by the Server without delay.
The Receiver must play to the reasonable pace of the Server and must
be ready to receive when the Server is ready to serve.
When changing ends a maximum of ninety (90) seconds shall elapse from
the moment the ball goes out of play at the end of the game to the
time the ball is struck for the first point of the next game.
However, after the first game of each set and during a tie-break, play
shall be continuous and the players shall change ends without a rest
period.
At the conclusion of each set, there shall be a set break of a maximum
of one hundred and twenty (120) seconds from the moment the ball goes
out of play at the end of the game to the time the ball is struck for
the first point of the next game.
The Umpire shall use his discretion when there is interference which
makes it impractical for play to be continuous.
The organizers of international circuits and team events recognized by
the ITF may determine the time allowed between points, which shall be
a maximum of twenty (20) seconds from the moment the ball goes out of
play at the end of one point to the time the ball is struck for the
next point.
- Play shall never be suspended, delayed or interfered with for the
purpose of enabling a player to recover his strength, breath, or
physical condition. However, in the case of a treatable medical
condition, the Umpire may allow a one-time three minute suspension for
that injury.
USTA Comment:
The 20-second rule applies only to certain international circuits
and team events recognized by the ITF. When practical, in USTA
sanctioned tournaments using a certified official in direct
observation of the match, the time which shall elapse from the moment
the ball goes out of play at the end of the point to the time the ball
is struck shall not exceed 25 seconds.
- If, through circumstances outside the control of the player, his
clothing, footwear or equipment (excluding racket) becomes out of
adjustment in such a way that it is impossible or undesirable for him
to play on, the Umpire may suspend play while the maladjustment is
rectified.
USTA Comment:
If equipment other than a racket becomes unusable through
circumstances outside the control of the player, play may be suspended
for a reasonable period and the player may leave the Court to correct
the problem. If a racket or racket string is broken or the racket is
found to be illegal, Rule 30 does not permit play to be suspended. A
player who leaves the Court to get a replacement is subject to code
violations) under the Point Penalty System.
USTA Comment:
Loss of, or damage to, a contact lens or eyeglasses shall be treated
as equipment maladjustment. All players must follow the same rules
with respect to suspending play, even though in misty but playable
weather, a player who wears glasses may be handicapped.
- The Umpire may suspend or delay play at any time as may be necessary
and appropriate.
- After the third set, or when women take part the second set, either
player shall be entitled to a rest, which shall not exceed 10 minutes,
or in countries situated between latitude 15 degrees north and
latitude 15 degrees south, 45 minutes and furthermore, when
necessitated by circumstances not within the control of the players,
the Umpire may suspend play for such a period as he may consider
necessary. If play is suspended and is not resumed until a later day
the rest may be taken only after the third set (or when women take
part the second set) of play on such a later day, completion of an
unfinished set being counted as one set.
If play is suspended and is not resumed until 10 minutes have elapsed
in the same day the rest may be taken only after three consecutive
sets have been played without interruption (or when women take part
two sets), completion of an unfinished set being counted as one set.
Any nation and/or committee organizing a tournament, match or
competition, is at liberty to modify this provision or omit it from
its regulations provided this is announced before the event commences.
With respect to the Davis Cup and Fed Cup, only the International
Tennis Federation may modify this provision or omit it from its
Regulations.
- A tournament committee has the discretion to decide the time allowed
for a warm-up period prior to a match but this may not exceed five
minutes and must be announced before the event commences.
USTA Comment:
When there are no ball persons, the warm-up may be extended to 10
minutes.
USTA Comment:
When a match is resumed after a suspension of more than ten minutes,
it is permissible for the players to engage in a re-warm-up that may
be of the same duration as that at the start of the match. The
preferred method is to warm-up with other used balls and then insert
the match balls when play starts. If the match balls are used in the
re-warm-up, then the next ball change will be two games sooner. There
shall be no re-warm-up after an authorized intermission or after a
suspension of ten minutes or less.
- When approved point penalty and non-accumulative point penalty
systems are in operation, the Umpire shall make his decisions within
the terms of those systems.
- Upon violation of the principle that play shall be continuous the
Umpire may, after giving due warning, disqualify the offender.
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31. Coaching
During the playing of a match in a team competition, a player may
receive coaching from a captain who is sitting on the court only when he
changes ends at the end of a game, but not when he changes ends during a
tie-break game.
A player may not receive coaching during the playing of any other match.
The provisions of this rule must be strictly construed.
After due warning an offending player may be disqualified. When an
approved point penalty system is in operation, the Umpire shall impose
penalties according to that system.
USTA Comment:
Even though the USA Adult and Senior League Programs are team
competitions, coaching is not permitted except during authorized rest
periods.
Case 1. Should a warning be given, or the player be
disqualified, if the coaching is given by signals in an unobtrusive
manner?
Decision. The Umpire must take action as soon as he becomes aware that
coaching is being given verbally or by signals. If the Umpire is unaware
that coaching is being given, a player may draw his attention to the fact
that advice is being given.
Case 2. Can a player receive coaching during an authorized rest
period under Rule 30(e), or when play is interrupted and he leaves the
court?
Decision. Yes. In these circumstances, when the player is not on the
court, there is no restriction on coaching.
USTA Comment:
No player may receive coaching during a toilet visit, a Set Break, Medical
Time-Out, when a player leaves the court seeking the assistance of the
Referee, or when equipment or clothing is being adjusted.
ITF Note: The word "coaching" includes any advice or
instruction.
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32. Ball Change
In cases where balls are to be changed after a specified number of
games, if the balls are not changed in the correct sequence, the mistake
shall be corrected when the player, or pair in the case of doubles, who
should have served with new balls is next due to serve. Thereafter the
balls shall be changed so that the number of games between changes shall
be that originally agreed.
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33. The Doubles Game
All of Rules 1-32 shall apply to the Doubles Game except as so noted in
rules 34-40.
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34. The Doubles Court
For the Doubles Game, the court shall be 36 feet (10.97m.) in width,
i.e. 41⁄2 feet (1.37m.) wider on each side than the Court for the
Singles Game, and those portions of the singles side-lines which lie
between the two service-lines shall be called the service side-lines. In
other respects, the Court shall be similar to that described in Rule 1,
but the portions of the singles side-lines between the base-line and
service-line on each side of the net may be omitted if desired.
USTA Comment:
The Server has the right in doubles to stand anywhere in back of the
baseline between the imaginary extension of the inside edge of the center
mark and the imaginary extension of the outside edge of the doubles
sideline.
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35. Order of Service in Doubles
The order of serving shall be decided at the beginning of each set as
follows:
The pair who have to serve in the first game of each set shall decide
which partner shall do so and the opposing pair shall decide similarly for
the second game. The partner of the player who served in the first game
shall serve in the third; the partner of the player who served in the
second game shall serve in the fourth, and so on in the same order in all
the subsequent games of a set.
Case 1. In doubles, one player does not appear in time to play,
and his partner claims to be allowed to play single-handed against the
opposing players. May he do so?
Decision: No.
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36. Order of Receiving in Doubles
The order of receiving the service shall be decided at the beginning of
each set as follows:
The pair who have to receive the service in the first game shall decide
which partner shall receive the first service, and that partner shall
continue to receive the first service in every odd game throughout that
set. The opposing pair shall likewise decide which partner shall receive
the first service in the second game and that partner shall continue to
receive the first service in every even game throughout that set. Partners
shall receive the service alternately throughout each game.
Case 1. Is it allowable in doubles for the Servers partner or
the Receivers partner to stand in a position that obstructs the view of
the Receiver?
Decision: Yes. The Servers partner or the Receivers partner may take
any position on his side of the net in or out of the Court that he wishes.
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37. Service out of Turn in Doubles
If a partner serves out of his turn, the partner who ought to have
served shall serve as soon as the mistake is discovered, but all points
scored, and any faults served before such discovery, shall be reckoned. If
a game shall have been completed before such discovery, the order of
service remains as altered.
USTA Comment:
For an exception to Rule 37, see Case 3 under Rule 27.
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38. Error in Order of Receiving in Doubles
If during a game the order of receiving the service is changed by the
Receivers it shall remain as altered until the end of the game in which
the mistake is discovered, but the partners shall resume their original
order of receiving in the next game of that set in which they are
Receivers of the service.
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39. Service Fault in Doubles
The service is a fault as provided for by Rule 10, or if the ball
touches the Servers partner or anything which he wears or carries; but if
the ball served touches the partner of the Receiver, or anything which he
wears or carries, not being a let under Rule 14(a) before it hits the
ground, the Server wins the point.
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40. Playing the Ball in Doubles
The ball shall be struck alternately by one or other player of the
opposing pairs, and if a player touches the ball in play with his racket
in contravention of this Rule, his opponents win the point.
ITF Note 1:
Except where otherwise stated, every reference in these Rules to the
masculine includes the feminine gender.
ITF Note 2:
See Rule 26(b) with regard to the Optional Alternative Scoring System in
Doubles and Mixed.
USTA Comment:
The partners do not have to "alternate" in making returns. In
the course of making one return, only one member of a doubles team may hit
the ball. If both of them hit the ball, either simultaneously or
consecutively, it is an illegal return. Mere clashing of rackets does not
make a return illegal unless it is clear that more than one racket touched
the ball.
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Rules of Wheelchair Tennis
The game of wheelchair tennis follows the ITF Rules of Tennis with the
following exceptions.
- The Two Bounce Rule
The wheelchair tennis player is allowed two bounces of the ball. The
player must return the ball before it hits the ground a third time. The
second bounce can be either in or out of the court boundaries.
- The Wheelchair
The wheelchair is considered part of the body and all applicable
rules which apply to a players body shall apply to the wheelchair.
- The Service
- The service shall be delivered in the following manner. Immediately
before commencing the serve, the server shall be in a stationary
position. The server shall then be allowed one push before striking
the ball.
- The server shall throughout the delivery of the service not touch
with any wheel, any area other than that behind the baseline within
the imaginary extension of the center mark and sideline.
- If conventional methods for the service are physically impossible
for a quadriplegic player, then the player or an individual may drop
the ball for such a player. However, the same method of serving must
be used each time.
- Player Loses Point
A player loses a point if:
- He fails to return the ball before it has touched the ground three
times.
- Subject to rule e) below. He uses any part of his feet or lower
extremities as brakes or as stabilizers while delivering service,
stroking a ball, turning or stopping against the ground, or against
any wheel while the ball is in play.
- He fails to keep one buttock in contact with his wheelchair seat
when contacting the ball.
- Propelling the Chair with the Foot
- If due to lack of capacity a player is unable to propel the
wheelchair via the wheel then he may propel the wheelchair using one
foot.
- Even if in accordance with rule e) i. above a player is permitted to
propel the chair using one foot, no part of the players foot may be in
contact with the ground:
- during the forward motion of the swing, including when the racket
strikes the ball;
- from the initiation of the service motion until the racket strikes
the ball.
- A player in breach of this rule shall lose a point.
- Wheelchair/Able-bodied Tennis
Where a wheelchair tennis player is playing with or against an
able-bodied person in singles and doubles, the Rules of Wheelchair
Tennis shall apply for the wheelchair player while the Rules of Tennis
for able-bodied tennis shall apply for the able-bodied player. In this
instance, the wheelchair player is allowed two bounces while the
able-bodied player is allowed only one bounce.
Note: The definition of lower extremities is: the lower limb, including
the buttocks, hip, thigh, leg, ankle, and foot.
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Appendix I
Regulations for Making Tests Specified in Rule 3.
- Unless otherwise specified all tests shall be made at a temperature
of approximately 68° Fahrenheit (20° Centigrade) and a relative
humidity of approximately 60 per cent. All balls shall be removed from
their container and kept at the recognized temperature and humidity
for 24 hours prior to testing, and shall be at that temperature and
humidity when the test is commenced.
- Unless otherwise specified the limits are for a test conducted in an
atmospheric pressure resulting in a barometric reading of
approximately 30 inches (76cm.).
- Other standards may be fixed for localities where the average
temperature, humidity or average barometric pressure at which the game
is being played differ materially from 68° Fahrenheit (20°
Centigrade), 60 per cent and 30 inches (76cm.) respectively.
Applications for such adjusted standards may be made by any National
Association to the International Tennis Federation and if approved
shall be adopted for such localities.
- In all tests for diameter, a ring gauge shall be used consisting of
a metal plate, preferably non-corrosive of a uniform thickness of
one-eighth of an inch (.318 cm). In the case of Ball Type 1 (fast
speed) and Ball Type 2 (medium speed) balls, there shall be two
circular openings in the plate measuring 2.575 inches (6.541 cm) and
2.700 inches (6.858 cm) in diameter, respectively. In the case of Ball
Type 3 (slow speed) balls, there shall be two circular openings in the
plate measuring 2.750 inches (6.985 cm) and 2.875 inches (7.302 cm) in
diameter, respectively. The inner surface of the gauge shall have a
convex profile with a radius of one-sixteenth of an inch (.159 cm).
The ball shall not drop through the smaller opening by its own weight
and shall drop through the larger opening by its own weight.
- In all tests for deformation conducted under Rule 3, the machine
designed by Percy Herbert Stevens and patented in Great Britain under
Patent No. 230250, together with the subsequent additions and
improvements thereto, including the modifications required to take
return deformations, shall be employed. Other machines may be
specified which give equivalent readings to the Stevens machine and
these may be used for testing ball deformation where such machines
have been given approval by the International Tennis Federation.
- Procedure for carrying out tests:
- Pre-compression. Before any ball is tested it shall be steadily
compressed by approximately one inch (2.54 cm) on each of three
diameters at right angles to one another in succession; this process
to be carried out three times (nine compressions in all). All tests to
be completed within two hours of pre-compression.
- Bound test (as in Rule 3). Measurements are to be taken from the
concrete base to the bottom of the ball.
- Size test (as in paragraph (iv) above).
- Weight test (as in Rule 3).
- Deformation test. The ball is placed in position on the modified
Stevens machine so that neither platen of the machine is in contact
with the cover seam. The contact weight is applied, the pointer and
the mark brought level, and the dials set to zero. The test weight
equivalent to 18 lb. (8.165kg.) is placed on the beam and pressure
applied by turning the wheel at a uniform speed so that five seconds
elapse from the instant the beam leaves its seat until the pointer is
brought level with the mark. When turning ceases the reading is
recorded (forward deformation). The wheel is turned again until figure
ten is reached on the scale (one inch (2.54 cm.) deformation). The
wheel is then rotated in the opposite direction at a uniform speed
(thus releasing pressure) until the beam pointer again coincides with
the mark. After waiting ten seconds the pointer is adjusted to the
mark if necessary. The reading is then recorded (return deformation).
This procedure is repeated on each ball across the two diameters at
right angles to the initial position and to each other.
- Classification of Court Surface Pace.
The test method used for determining the pace of a court surface is
test method ITF CS 01/01 (ITF Surface Pace Rating) as described in the ITF
publication entitled "An Initial ITF Study on Performance Standards
for Tennis Court Surfaces".
Court surfaces which are found to have an ITF Surface Pace Rating of
between 0 and 35 shall be classified as being Category 1 (slow pace).
Examples of court surface types which conform to this classification will
include most clay courts and other types of unbound mineral surface.
Court surfaces which are found to have an ITF Surface Pace Rating of
between 30 and 45 shall be classified as being Category 2 (medium/medium-
fast pace). Examples of court surface types which conform to this
classification will include most hard-court with various acrylic type
coatings plus some textile surfaces.
Court surfaces which are found to have an ITF Surface Pace Rating of
over 40 shall be classified as being Category 3 (fast pace). Examples of
court surface types which conform to this classification will include most
natural grass, artificial turf and some textile surfaces.
N.B. The proposed overlap in ITF Surface Pace Rating values for the
above categories is to allow some latitude in ball selection.
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Appendix II
Alternative Scoring methods (Rule 27)
- "Short" sets
The first player/team who wins four games wins the Set, provided
there is a margin of two games over the opponents). If the score
reaches four games all, a tie-break game shall be played.
- Deciding tie-break game
When the score in a match is one set all, or two sets all in best
of five sets matches, one tie-break game shall be played to decide the
match. This tie-break game replaces the deciding final set. Approved
as an experiment until 31 December 2002:
- Deciding "SUPER TIE-BREAK GAME"
When the score in the match is one set all, or two sets all in best of
five sets matches, one super tie-break game shall be played to decide the
match. This super tie-break game replaces the deciding final set.
The player who first wins ten points shall win this super tie-break and
the match provided he leads by a margin of two points.
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Appendix III
Procedures for Review and Hearings on the Rules of Tennis
- Introduction
1.1 These procedures were approved by the Board of Directors of the
International Tennis Federation ("Board of Directors") on 17
May 1998.
1.2 The Board of Directors may from time to time supplement, amend, or
vary these procedures.
- Objectives
2.1 The International Tennis Federation is the custodian of the Rules of
Tennis and is committed to:
a. Preserving the traditional character and integrity of the game of
tennis.
b. Actively preserving the skills traditionally required to play the
game.
c. Encouraging improvements, which maintain the challenge of the game.
d. Ensuring fair competition.
2.2 To ensure fair, consistent and expeditious review and hearings in
relation to the Rules of Tennis the procedures set out below shall
apply.
- Scope
3.1 These Procedures shall apply to Rulings under:
a. Rule 1The Court.
b. Rule 3The Ball.
c. Rule 4The Racket.
d. Appendix 1 of the Rules of Tennis.
e. Any other Rules of Tennis which the International Tennis Federation
may decide.
- Structure
4.1 Under these procedures Rulings shall be issued by a Ruling Board.
4.2 Such Rulings shall be final, save for an entitlement to appeal to an
Appeal Tribunal pursuant to these procedures.
- Application
5.1 Rulings shall be taken either:
a. Following a motion of the Board of Directors; or
b. Upon the receipt of an application in accordance with the procedures
set out below.
- Appointment and Composition of Ruling Boards
6.1 Ruling Boards shall be appointed by the President of the
International Tennis Federation ("President") or his designee
and shall comprise of such number, as the President or his designee
shall determine.
6.2 If more than one person is appointed to the Ruling Board the Ruling
Board shall nominate one person from amongst themselves to act as
Chairperson.
6.3 The Chairperson shall be entitled to regulate the procedures prior
to and at any review and/or hearing of a Ruling Board.
- Proposed Rulings by the Ruling Board
7.1 The details of any proposed Ruling issued upon the motion of the
Board of Directors may be provided to any bona fide person or any
players, equipment manufacturer or national association or members
thereof with an interest in the proposed Ruling.
7.2 Any person so notified shall be given a reasonable period within
which to forward comments, objections, or requests for information to
the President or his designee in connection with the proposed Ruling.
- Application for Rulings
8.1 An application for a Ruling may be made by any party with a bona
fide interest in the Ruling including any player, equipment manufacturer
or national association or member thereof.
8.2 Any application for a Ruling must be submitted in writing to the
President.
8.3 To be valid an application for a Ruling must include the following
minimum information:
a. The full name and address of the Applicant.
b. The date of the application.
c. A statement clearly identifying the interest of the Applicant in the
question upon which a Ruling is requested.
d. All relevant documentary evidence upon which the Applicant intends to
rely at any hearing.
e. If, in the opinion of the Applicant, expert evidence is necessary he
shall include a request for such expert evidence to be heard. Such
request must identify the name of any expert proposed and their relevant
expertise.
f. When an application for a Ruling on a racket or other piece of
equipment is made, a prototype or, exact, copy of the equipment in
question must be submitted with the application for a Ruling.
g. If, in the opinion of the Applicant, there are extraordinary or
unusual circumstances, which require a Ruling to be made within a
specified time or before a specified date he shall include a statement
describing the extraordinary or unusual circumstances.
8.4 If an application for a Ruling does not contain the information
and/or equipment referred to at Clause 8.3 (a)-(g) above the President
or his designee shall notify the Applicant giving the Applicant a
specified reasonable time within which to remedy the defect. If the
Applicant fails to remedy the defect within the specified time the
application shall be dismissed.
- Convening the Ruling Board
9.1 On receipt of a valid application or on the motion of the Board of
Directors the President or his designee may convene a Ruling Board to
deal with the application or motion.
9.2 The Ruling Board need not hold a hearing to deal with an application
or motion where the application or motion, in the opinion of the
Chairperson can be resolved in a fair manner without a hearing.
- Procedure of the Ruling Board
10.1 The Chairperson of a Ruling Board shall determine the appropriate
form, procedure and date of any review and/or hearing.
10.2 The Chairperson shall provide written notice of those matters set
out at 10.1 above to any Applicant or any person or association who has
expressed an interest in the proposed Ruling.
10.3 The Chairperson shall determine all matters relating to evidence
and shall not be bound by judicial rules governing procedure and
admissibility of evidence provided that the review and/or hearing is
conducted in a fair manner with a reasonable opportunity for the
relevant parties to present their case.
10.4 Under these procedures any review and/or hearings:
a. Shall take place in private.
b. May be adjourned and/or postponed by the Ruling Board.
10.5 The Chairperson shall have the discretion to co-opt from time to
time additional members onto the Ruling Board with special skill or
experience to deal with specific issues, which require such special
skill or experience.
10.6 The Ruling Board shall take its decision by a simple majority. No
member of the Ruling Board may abstain.
10.7 The Chairperson shall have the complete discretion to make such
order against the Applicant [and/or other individuals or organizations
commenting objecting or requesting information at any review and/or
hearing] in relation to the costs of the application and/or the
reasonable expenses incurred by the Ruling Board in holding tests or
obtaining reports relating to equipment subject to a Ruling as he shall
deem appropriate.
- Notification
11.1 Once a Ruling Board has reached a decision it shall provide written
notice to the Applicant, or, any person or association who has expressed
an interest in the proposed Ruling as soon as reasonably practicable.
11.2 Such written notice shall include a summary of the reasoning behind
the decision of the Ruling Board.
11.3 Upon notification to the Applicant or upon such other date
specified by the Ruling Board the Ruling of the Ruling Board shall be
immediately binding under the Rules of Tennis.
- Application of Current Rules of Tennis
12.1 Subject to the power of the Ruling Board to issue interim Rulings
the current Rules of Tennis shall continue to apply until any review
and/or hearing of the Ruling Board is concluded and a Ruling issued by
the Ruling Board.
12.2 Prior to and during any review and/or hearing the Chairperson of
the Ruling Board may issue such directions as are deemed reasonably
necessary in the implementation of the Rules of Tennis and of these
procedures including the issue of interim Rulings.
12.3 Such interim Rulings may include restraining orders on the use of
any equipment under the Rules of Tennis pending a Ruling by the Ruling
Board as to whether or not the equipment meets the specification of the
Rules of Tennis.
- Appointment and Composition of Appeal Tribunals
13.1 Appeal Tribunals shall be appointed by the President or his
designee from [members of the Board of Directors/Technical Committee].
13.2 No member of the Ruling Board who made the original Ruling shall be
a member of the Appeal Tribunal.
13.3 The Appeal Tribunal shall comprise of such number as the President
or his designee shall determine but shall be no less than three.
13.4 The Appeal Tribunal shall nominate one person from amongst
themselves to act as Chairperson.
13.5 The Chairperson shall be entitled to regulate the procedures prior
to and at any appeal hearing.
- Application to Appeal
14.1 An Applicant [or a person or association who has expressed an
interest and forwarded any comments, objections, or requests to a
proposed Ruling] may appeal any Ruling of the Ruling Board.
14.2 To be valid an application for an appeal must be:
a. Made in writing to the Chairperson of the Ruling Board who made the
Ruling appealed not later than [45] days following notification of the
Ruling;
b. Must set out details of the Ruling appealed against; and
c. Must contain the full grounds of the appeal.
14.3 Upon receipt of a valid application to appeal the Chairperson of
the Ruling Board making the original Ruling may require a reasonable
appeal fee to be paid by the Appellant as a condition of appeal. Such
appeal fee shall be repaid to the Appellant if the appeal is successful.
- Convening the Appeal Tribunal
15.1 The President or his designee shall convene the Appeal Tribunal
following payment by the Appellant of any appeal fee.
- Procedures of Appeal Tribunal
16.1 The Appeal Tribunal and their Chairperson shall conduct procedures
and hearings in accordance with those matters set out in sections 10, 11
and 12 above.
16.2 Upon notification to the Appellant or upon such other date
specified by the Appeal Tribunal the Ruling of the Appeal Tribunal shall
be immediately binding and final under the Rules of Tennis.
- General
17.1 If a Ruling Board consists of only one member that single member
shall be responsible for regulating the hearing as Chairperson and shall
determine the procedures to be followed prior to and during any review
and/or hearing.
17.2 All review and/or hearings shall be conducted in English. In any
hearing where an Applicant, and/or other individuals or organizations
commenting, objecting or requesting information do not speak English an
interpreter must be present. Wherever practicable the interpreter shall be
independent.
17.3 The Ruling Board or Appeal Tribunal may publish extracts from its own
Rulings.
17.4 All notifications to be made pursuant to these procedures shall be in
writing.
17.5 Any notifications made pursuant to these procedures shall be deemed
notified upon the date that they were communicated, sent or transmitted to
the Applicant or other relevant party.
17.6 A Ruling Board shall have the discretion to dismiss an application if
in its reasonable opinion the application is substantially similar to an
application or motion upon which a Ruling Board has made a decision and/or
Ruling within the 36 months prior to the date of the application.
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Appendix IV
The Wheelchair Tennis Player
Challenges and Procedures for a Players Eligibility
- Challenges
a. The following parties have the right to question a players
eligibility:
ITF Member Nations (through their General Secretary);
The wheelchair tennis Players Representatives Committee (through their
Chairperson);
The ITF Wheelchair Tennis Committee.
ITF Note - IWTA Member Nations who are not represented by their National
Tennis Federation, may submit a challenge through the ITF Wheelchair
Tennis Committee who must decide if the challenge should proceed to the
Eligibility Sub-Committee.
b. On receipt of a formal written challenge from any of the parties
named in 1.a. above, the ITF must inform the player and ask them to
submit sufficient objective medical evidence of permanent physical
disability in writing to the Eligibility Sub-Committee of the ITF
Wheelchair Tennis Committee within 28 days. The Eligibility
Sub-Committee (which shall be made up of at least one medical doctor
from the ITF Medical Commission and at least two ITF appointed experts
in the Rules of Wheelchair Tennis) must then review the case.
ITF Note 1 -The player may continue to play during the Eligibility
Sub-Committees investigation. Should the outcome of the Eligibility
Sub-Committee be that the player does not meet the minimum criteria as
laid out in Rule I of the Rules of Wheelchair Tennis, the player must
then cease to play with immediate effect. The only exception to this is
in the case of an appeal against the decision by the player as outlined
in the Appeals Procedure below.
ITF Note 2 - Failure to submit medical evidence as described above
within 28 days of the request being made by the ITF, shall result in
automatic suspension of that player until such time as evidence is
provided.
ITF Note 3 - The costs incurred by the player in obtaining the medical
evidence shall be borne by the player. All costs incurred in the
evaluation of medical evidence provided by the player will be the
responsibility of the ITF. The player will be instructed by the ITF,
regarding how, when and where to provide the necessary medical evidence.
c. If the Eligibility Sub-Committee judges that a player is eligible to
compete, their eligibility may not be challenged again for a minimum of
12 months. After this time, all challenges shall be subject to the same
procedures as laid out above. If, after a second challenge, the player
is still deemed eligible to compete, their eligibility may not be
challenged again for a further 3 years.
ITF Note - If a player is challenged after already having been deemed
eligible to compete, they may continue to play while any new challenges
are being considered.
- Appeals Procedure
a. If the Eligibility Sub-Committee judges that supporting medical
evidence is insufficient, then the player may appeal within 14 days of
the decision and request an evaluation by an independent medical doctor
appointed by the ITF Member Nation for that player.
Further to receiving the submission from the medical doctor appointed by
the ITF Member Nation, the ITF Medical Commission will give a ruling on
the eligibility of the player which shall not be subject to further
appeal for a minimum of 12 months (see b. below).
ITF Note 1 - In the case of an appeal being made, the player may
continue to play until after the appeal has been heard.
ITF Note 2 - The costs of the evaluation for the appeal will be at the
player's expense. All costs incurred in the evaluation of medical
evidence provided by the medical doctor will be the responsibility of
the ITF.
b. If a persons circumstances change in relation to their physical
disability in the future, the person is entitled to submit a request to
the ITF to be reconsidered. This request may only be made a minimum of
12 months after the first appeal decision. Such a request shall be
supported by the new medical evidence and shall be subject to the same
process as outlined in Rule I of the Rules of Wheelchair Tennis and this
Appendix IV.
If, after the second appeal, the player is still deemed ineligible to
compete, their case may not be reconsidered for a further 3 years.
ITF Note - If the Eligibility Sub-Committee has already judged that a
player is currently ineligible, they may not compete while any new
medical evidence is being considered.
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ITF Notes:
i. If a singles court only is required, no lines are necessary
outside the points a, b, c, d, but the court can be measured out as above.
Alternatively, the corners of the base-line (c, d) can be found if
preferred by pegging the two tapes at a and b instead of at A and B, and
by then using lengths of 47'5" (14.46 m) and 39'0" (11.89 m).
The net posts will be at n, n, and a 33'0" (10 m) singles net should
be used.
ii. When a combined doubles and singles court with a doubles net
is used for singles, the net must be supported at the points n, n, to a
height of 3 feet 6 inches (1.07 m) by means of two posts, called
"singles sticks", which shall be not more than 3 inches (7.5 cm)
square or 3 inches (7.5 cm) in diameter. The centers of the singles sticks
shall be 3 feet (.914 m) outside the singles court on each side. To assist
in the placing of these singles sticks it is desirable that the points n,
n, should each be shown with a white dot when the court is marked.
USTA Comment:
The ITF, not the USTA, is responsible for the Rules of Tennis.
Amendments to the Rules of Tennis are made through the procedures of the
ITF. Rule 69 of the ITF controls the manner in which amendments may be
made to the Rules of Tennis. Amendments to USTA Comments are made by the
process described in USTA Regulation XII.H.
International Tennis Federation Rule 69
The official and decisive text to the Rules of Tennis shall be for ever
in the English language and no alteration or interpretation of such Rules
shall be made except at an Annual General Meeting of the Council, nor
unless notice of the resolution embodying such alteration shall have been
received by the Federation in accordance with Article 16 of the
Constitution of ITF Ltd. (Notice of Resolutions) and such resolution or
one having the like effect shall be carried by a majority of two-thirds of
the votes recorded in respect of the same.
Any alteration so made shall take effect as from the first day of
January following unless the Meeting shall by the like majority decide
otherwise.
The Board of Directors shall have power, however, to settle all urgent
questions of interpretation subject to confirmation at the General Meeting
next following.
This Rule shall not be altered at any time without the unanimous
consent of a General Meeting of the Council.
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USTA comment on Tennis Court Layout
All courts should be laid out for singles and doubles play. The same
lines except for the sideline extensions for doubles player required for
each.
Courts in the northern two-thirds of the United States should generally
be laid out with the long axis north and south; it is advantageous,
however, to orient the courts in the southern one-third of the country 15°-25°
west of true (not magnetic) north in order to minimize the adverse effects
of the afternoon winter sun.
Figure 1 indicates the exact dimensions of the lines as well as
recommended side and back spacing. Note that the dimensions shown in the
diagram are measurements to the outside edge of the lines. For regulation
play, the space behind the baseline (between the baseline and fence)
should not be less than 21 feet, for an overall dimension of 60' x 120'.
For stadium courts, this perimeter spacing should be increased to allow
space for line umpires without impeding the players. (See Rule 1.) Net
posts should be located with their centers three feet outside the doubles
sideline.
Most courts are laid out with lines two inches (2") wide. Lines
may be one inch (1") to two inches (2") wide excepting the
center service line which must be two inches (2") wide and the
baselines which may be up to four inches (4") wide.
For more detailed information on the subject, Tennis Courts, a book
containing United States Tennis Association and U.S. Tennis Court and
Track Builders Association recommendations for the construction,
maintenance, and equipment needs of a tennis court installation, can be
obtained by contacting the USTA Bookstore, AT 888-832-8291.
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